Judicial Vocabulary & Legal Terms

A final finding by a criminal court that the accused is not guilty of the charge.

The court concludes that criminal guilt has not been legally established and clears the accused of the charge.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

After trial, the prosecution evidence fails to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt and the accused is acquitted.

Discharge · Closure Report · Quashing

BNSS provisions governing judgment and acquittal; read with double-jeopardy rules where relevant.

Conviction · Discharge · Judgment · Appeal

The judicial determination of a dispute, issue or legal right.

In practical terms, the judicial determination of a dispute, issue or legal right.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Adjudication” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Adversarial System · Acquittal · Affidavit

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Adversarial System · Acquittal · Affidavit · Amicus Curiae · Appeal

A system in which opposing parties present their cases before an impartial court.

In practical terms, a system in which opposing parties present their cases before an impartial court.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Adversarial System” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Affidavit · Adjudication · Amicus Curiae

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Affidavit · Adjudication · Amicus Curiae · Acquittal · Appeal

A written statement of facts affirmed or sworn by the person making it.

In practical terms, a written statement of facts affirmed or sworn by the person making it.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Affidavit” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Amicus Curiae · Adversarial System · Appeal

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Amicus Curiae · Adversarial System · Appeal · Adjudication · Appellant

A person appointed or permitted to assist the court as a friend of the court.

In practical terms, a person appointed or permitted to assist the court as a friend of the court.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Amicus Curiae” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Appeal · Affidavit · Appellant

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Appeal · Affidavit · Appellant · Adversarial System · Appellate Jurisdiction

A statutory remedy by which a higher court is asked to examine a decision of a lower court or tribunal.

A statutory challenge asking a higher court to reconsider a decision to the extent permitted by the right of appeal.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A party aggrieved by an appealable decree files an appeal before the competent appellate court within limitation.

Review · Revision · Reference

The right of appeal is statutory; see the relevant CPC, BNSS or special statute.

Appellant · Appellate Jurisdiction · Review · Revision

The person who files an appeal.

In practical terms, the person who files an appeal.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Appellant” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Appellate Jurisdiction · Appeal · Applicant

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Appellate Jurisdiction · Appeal · Applicant · Amicus Curiae · Application

The authority of a court to hear and decide appeals.

In practical terms, the authority of a court to hear and decide appeals.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Appellate Jurisdiction” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Applicant · Appellant · Application

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Applicant · Appellant · Application · Appeal · Bench

A person who moves a court or authority by making an application.

In practical terms, a person who moves a court or authority by making an application.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Applicant” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Application · Appellate Jurisdiction · Bench

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Application · Appellate Jurisdiction · Bench · Appellant · Cause List

A formal request made to a court or authority for a particular order or relief.

In practical terms, a formal request made to a court or authority for a particular order or relief.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Application” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Bench · Applicant · Cause List

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Bench · Applicant · Cause List · Appellate Jurisdiction · Cause of Action

A judge or group of judges hearing and deciding a matter.

In practical terms, a judge or group of judges hearing and deciding a matter.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Bench” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Cause List · Application · Cause of Action

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Cause List · Application · Cause of Action · Applicant · Caveat

The official list of matters scheduled for hearing before a court on a particular day.

In practical terms, the official list of matters scheduled for hearing before a court on a particular day.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Cause List” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Cause of Action · Bench · Caveat

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Cause of Action · Bench · Caveat · Application · Caveator

The bundle of material facts giving a person the right to seek judicial relief.

In practical terms, the bundle of material facts giving a person the right to seek judicial relief.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Cause of Action” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Caveat · Cause List · Caveator

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Caveat · Cause List · Caveator · Bench · Chamber Hearing

A formal notice requesting that no order be passed without first hearing the caveator where the law permits.

In practical terms, a formal notice requesting that no order be passed without first hearing the caveator where the law permits.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Caveat” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Caveator · Cause of Action · Chamber Hearing

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Caveator · Cause of Action · Chamber Hearing · Cause List · Citation

The person who lodges a caveat.

In practical terms, the person who lodges a caveat.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Caveator” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Chamber Hearing · Caveat · Citation

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Chamber Hearing · Caveat · Citation · Cause of Action · Contempt of Court

A hearing conducted in the judge's chamber or otherwise outside an ordinary open-court sitting where permitted.

In practical terms, a hearing conducted in the judge's chamber or otherwise outside an ordinary open-court sitting where permitted.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Chamber Hearing” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Citation · Caveator · Contempt of Court

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Citation · Caveator · Contempt of Court · Caveat · Court of Record

A reference identifying a statute, judgment, legal source or authority.

In practical terms, a reference identifying a statute, judgment, legal source or authority.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Citation” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Contempt of Court · Chamber Hearing · Court of Record

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Contempt of Court · Chamber Hearing · Court of Record · Caveator · De Facto

Conduct falling within the legal categories of civil or criminal contempt and interfering with the authority or administration of justice.

In practical terms, conduct falling within the legal categories of civil or criminal contempt and interfering with the authority or administration of justice.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Contempt of Court” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Court of Record · Citation · De Facto

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Court of Record · Citation · De Facto · Chamber Hearing · De Jure

A court whose acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled for perpetual memory and which possesses powers attached to that status.

In practical terms, a court whose acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled for perpetual memory and which possesses powers attached to that status.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Court of Record” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

De Facto · Contempt of Court · De Jure

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

De Facto · Contempt of Court · De Jure · Citation · Decree Holder

Existing in fact or practice, whether or not lawfully established.

In practical terms, existing in fact or practice, whether or not lawfully established.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “De Facto” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

De Jure · Court of Record · Decree Holder

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

De Jure · Court of Record · Decree Holder · Contempt of Court · Dismissal

Existing by or according to law.

In practical terms, existing by or according to law.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “De Jure” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Decree Holder · De Facto · Dismissal

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Decree Holder · De Facto · Dismissal · Court of Record · Disposed Of

A person in whose favour a decree has been passed or an order capable of execution has been made.

In practical terms, a person in whose favour a decree has been passed or an order capable of execution has been made.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Decree Holder” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Dismissal · De Jure · Disposed Of

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Dismissal · De Jure · Disposed Of · De Facto · Distinguished

Termination of a case, application or proceeding without granting the relief sought.

In practical terms, termination of a case, application or proceeding without granting the relief sought.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Dismissal” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Disposed Of · Decree Holder · Distinguished

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Disposed Of · Decree Holder · Distinguished · De Jure · Doctrine

A procedural description indicating that the court has concluded the matter before it.

In practical terms, a procedural description indicating that the court has concluded the matter before it.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Disposed Of” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Distinguished · Dismissal · Doctrine

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Distinguished · Dismissal · Doctrine · Decree Holder · En Banc

A method by which a court declines to apply an earlier case because materially different facts or legal context make the precedent inapplicable.

In practical terms, a method by which a court declines to apply an earlier case because materially different facts or legal context make the precedent inapplicable.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Distinguished” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Doctrine · Disposed Of · En Banc

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Doctrine · Disposed Of · En Banc · Dismissal · Ex Parte

A developed legal principle used to organise and apply law.

In practical terms, a developed legal principle used to organise and apply law.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Doctrine” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

En Banc · Distinguished · Ex Parte

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

En Banc · Distinguished · Ex Parte · Disposed Of · Final Order

A sitting of the full court or a larger bench rather than an ordinary smaller bench, where the system permits.

In practical terms, a sitting of the full court or a larger bench rather than an ordinary smaller bench, where the system permits.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “En Banc” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Ex Parte · Doctrine · Final Order

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Ex Parte · Doctrine · Final Order · Distinguished · Forum

A proceeding or order made in the absence of one side, in circumstances permitted by law.

In practical terms, a proceeding or order made in the absence of one side, in circumstances permitted by law.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Ex Parte” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Final Order · En Banc · Forum

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Final Order · En Banc · Forum · Doctrine · Hearing

An order that finally determines the rights or proceeding to the extent recognised by law.

In practical terms, an order that finally determines the rights or proceeding to the extent recognised by law.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Final Order” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Forum · Ex Parte · Hearing

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Forum · Ex Parte · Hearing · En Banc · In Camera

The court, tribunal or authority before which a matter is brought.

In practical terms, the court, tribunal or authority before which a matter is brought.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Forum” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Hearing · Final Order · In Camera

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Hearing · Final Order · In Camera · Ex Parte · Interlocutory Order

The judicial consideration of a matter in which parties may be heard according to applicable procedure.

In practical terms, the judicial consideration of a matter in which parties may be heard according to applicable procedure.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Hearing” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

In Camera · Forum · Interlocutory Order

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

In Camera · Forum · Interlocutory Order · Final Order · Judgment

A proceeding conducted privately rather than in open court where law permits or requires confidentiality.

In practical terms, a proceeding conducted privately rather than in open court where law permits or requires confidentiality.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “In Camera” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Interlocutory Order · Hearing · Judgment

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Interlocutory Order · Hearing · Judgment · Forum · Judgment Debtor

An order made during the pendency of proceedings which does not finally dispose of the entire matter.

In practical terms, an order made during the pendency of proceedings which does not finally dispose of the entire matter.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Interlocutory Order” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Judgment · In Camera · Judgment Debtor

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Judgment · In Camera · Judgment Debtor · Hearing · Judicial Discipline

The statement given by a judge explaining the grounds for a decree or order, or the court's final judicial decision in the relevant proceeding.

The court's reasoned judicial decision; in a civil suit the judgment states the grounds upon which the decree follows.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

After hearing the parties, the civil court pronounces judgment and a decree is drawn in accordance with it.

Decree · Order · Sentence

CPC provisions on judgment and decree; BNSS provisions on criminal judgments.

Decree · Order · Ratio Decidendi

A person against whom a decree or enforceable order has been passed.

In practical terms, a person against whom a decree or enforceable order has been passed.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Judgment Debtor” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Judicial Discipline · Judgment · Judicial Notice

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Judicial Discipline · Judgment · Judicial Notice · Interlocutory Order · Jurisdiction

The obligation of courts and authorities to respect binding precedent, hierarchy and established judicial norms.

In practical terms, the obligation of courts and authorities to respect binding precedent, hierarchy and established judicial norms.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Judicial Discipline” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Judicial Notice · Judgment Debtor · Jurisdiction

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Judicial Notice · Judgment Debtor · Jurisdiction · Judgment · Locus Standi

Recognition by a court of certain facts without requiring formal proof, where evidentiary law permits.

In practical terms, recognition by a court of certain facts without requiring formal proof, where evidentiary law permits.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Judicial Notice” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Jurisdiction · Judicial Discipline · Locus Standi

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Jurisdiction · Judicial Discipline · Locus Standi · Judgment Debtor · Matter

The legal authority of a court or tribunal to hear and decide a matter.

In practical terms, the legal authority of a court or tribunal to hear and decide a matter.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Jurisdiction” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Locus Standi · Judicial Notice · Matter

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Locus Standi · Judicial Notice · Matter · Judicial Discipline · Moot

The legal standing or capacity of a person to maintain a proceeding or seek relief.

In practical terms, the legal standing or capacity of a person to maintain a proceeding or seek relief.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Locus Standi” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Matter · Jurisdiction · Moot

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Matter · Jurisdiction · Moot · Judicial Notice · Open Court

A case, application, petition, proceeding or question placed before a court or authority.

In practical terms, a case, application, petition, proceeding or question placed before a court or authority.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Matter” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Moot · Locus Standi · Open Court

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Moot · Locus Standi · Open Court · Jurisdiction · Order

A question that no longer presents a live controversy requiring effective adjudication, subject to recognised exceptions.

In practical terms, a question that no longer presents a live controversy requiring effective adjudication, subject to recognised exceptions.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Moot” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Open Court · Matter · Order

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Open Court · Matter · Order · Locus Standi · Original Jurisdiction

A court proceeding generally accessible to the public, subject to lawful restrictions.

In practical terms, a court proceeding generally accessible to the public, subject to lawful restrictions.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Open Court” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Order · Moot · Original Jurisdiction

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Order · Moot · Original Jurisdiction · Matter · Party

A formal decision or direction of a court which may or may not amount to a decree.

In practical terms, a formal decision or direction of a court which may or may not amount to a decree.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Order” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Original Jurisdiction · Open Court · Party

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Original Jurisdiction · Open Court · Party · Moot · Petition

Authority to hear a matter at the first instance rather than by way of appeal.

In practical terms, authority to hear a matter at the first instance rather than by way of appeal.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Original Jurisdiction” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Party · Order · Petition

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Party · Order · Petition · Open Court · Petitioner

A person or legal entity formally participating in litigation.

In practical terms, a person or legal entity formally participating in litigation.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Party” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Petition · Original Jurisdiction · Petitioner

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Petition · Original Jurisdiction · Petitioner · Order · Precedent

A formal written request invoking the jurisdiction of a court or constitutional authority.

In practical terms, a formal written request invoking the jurisdiction of a court or constitutional authority.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Petition” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Petitioner · Party · Precedent

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Petitioner · Party · Precedent · Original Jurisdiction · Pronouncement

The person who files a petition.

In practical terms, the person who files a petition.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Petitioner” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Precedent · Petition · Pronouncement

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Precedent · Petition · Pronouncement · Party · Quashed

An earlier judicial decision relevant to deciding a later case.

In practical terms, an earlier judicial decision relevant to deciding a later case.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Precedent” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Pronouncement · Petitioner · Quashed

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Pronouncement · Petitioner · Quashed · Petition · Recall

Formal delivery or declaration of a judgment or order by the court.

In practical terms, formal delivery or declaration of a judgment or order by the court.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Pronouncement” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Quashed · Precedent · Recall

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Quashed · Precedent · Recall · Petitioner · Remand

Set aside or declared legally ineffective by a competent court.

In practical terms, set aside or declared legally ineffective by a competent court.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Quashed” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Recall · Pronouncement · Remand

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Recall · Pronouncement · Remand · Precedent · Respondent

Withdrawal or setting aside of an order by the same court in circumstances where recall is legally permissible.

In practical terms, withdrawal or setting aside of an order by the same court in circumstances where recall is legally permissible.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Recall” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Remand · Quashed · Respondent

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Remand · Quashed · Respondent · Pronouncement · Review

Sending a matter, person or proceeding back for further action, reconsideration or lawful custody depending on context.

In practical terms, sending a matter, person or proceeding back for further action, reconsideration or lawful custody depending on context.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Remand” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Respondent · Recall · Review

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Respondent · Recall · Review · Quashed · Revision

A person against whom an appeal, petition or application is brought.

In practical terms, a person against whom an appeal, petition or application is brought.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Respondent” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Review · Remand · Revision

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Review · Remand · Revision · Recall · Set Aside

Reconsideration by the same court of its judgment or order on grounds permitted by law.

A limited reconsideration by the same court on grounds specifically recognised by law.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A party points to an error apparent on the face of the record and seeks review before the same court where the governing law permits.

Appeal · Revision · Recall

CPC review provisions, constitutional rules for review where applicable, and the governing special statute.

Recall · Appeal · Revision

Supervisory examination by a higher court of a subordinate court's proceeding within the limited jurisdiction conferred by statute.

A limited supervisory jurisdiction of a higher court to correct specified jurisdictional or legal errors; it is not a full appeal.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

Where the statute permits, the High Court examines whether a subordinate court exercised jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity.

Appeal · Review · Reference

Relevant CPC, BNSS or special-statute revisional provisions.

Jurisdiction · Supervisory Jurisdiction · Appeal

To annul, cancel or render a judgment, order or decision ineffective.

In practical terms, to annul, cancel or render a judgment, order or decision ineffective.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Set Aside” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Stay · Revision · Sub Judice

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Stay · Revision · Sub Judice · Review · Suo Motu

A judicial order temporarily suspending a proceeding, order, decree or its operation.

In practical terms, a judicial order temporarily suspending a proceeding, order, decree or its operation.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Stay” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Sub Judice · Set Aside · Suo Motu

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Sub Judice · Set Aside · Suo Motu · Revision · Tribunal

Under judicial consideration and not finally decided.

A matter that is presently under judicial consideration and has not yet been finally decided.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A constitutional challenge pending before the High Court is sub judice until the court finally disposes of it.

Res Sub Judice · Contempt of Court · Pending Matter

The expression itself does not create a blanket ban on public discussion; any restriction depends on contempt law, reporting orders, fair-trial principles and the facts.

Pending Matter · Res Sub Judice · In Camera

On the court's own motion without a formal request by a party.

In practical terms, on the court's own motion without a formal request by a party.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Suo Motu” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Tribunal · Sub Judice · Vacated

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Tribunal · Sub Judice · Vacated · Stay · Writ

A statutory adjudicatory body created to decide specified classes of disputes.

In practical terms, a statutory adjudicatory body created to decide specified classes of disputes.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Tribunal” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Vacated · Suo Motu · Writ

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Vacated · Suo Motu · Writ · Sub Judice · Written Submission

Withdrawn, cancelled or brought to an end, often used for interim orders such as stays or injunctions.

In practical terms, withdrawn, cancelled or brought to an end, often used for interim orders such as stays or injunctions.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Vacated” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Writ · Tribunal · Written Submission

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Writ · Tribunal · Written Submission · Suo Motu · Sub Judice

A formal constitutional or judicial command issued by a superior court in exercise of writ jurisdiction.

In practical terms, a formal constitutional or judicial command issued by a superior court in exercise of writ jurisdiction.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Writ” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Written Submission · Vacated · Tribunal

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Written Submission · Vacated · Tribunal · Suo Motu · Sub Judice

A written presentation of arguments, propositions and authorities filed before a court.

In practical terms, a written presentation of arguments, propositions and authorities filed before a court.

Court & General

court proceedings, judgments, petitions, applications and day-to-day judicial practice.

A court order or judgment may use the expression “Written Submission” while describing the status, procedure or result of the proceeding.

Writ · Vacated · Tribunal

Read with the governing procedural statute, court rules and the context in which the expression is used.

Writ · Vacated · Tribunal · Suo Motu

The pleading by which a civil suit is ordinarily instituted.

In practical terms, the pleading by which a civil suit is ordinarily instituted.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Plaint” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Plaintiff · Defendant · Written Statement

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Plaintiff · Defendant · Written Statement · Replication · Pleading

The person who institutes a civil suit.

In practical terms, the person who institutes a civil suit.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Plaintiff” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Defendant · Plaint · Written Statement

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Defendant · Plaint · Written Statement · Replication · Pleading

The person against whom a civil suit is instituted.

The party against whom a civil suit is filed. In criminal proceedings, the ordinary term is 'accused', not defendant.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

A files a suit for specific performance against B. A is the plaintiff and B is the defendant.

Accused · Respondent · Judgment Debtor

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 — provisions governing parties and pleadings.

Plaintiff · Written Statement · Suit · Decree

The principal pleading by which a defendant responds to the allegations and claims in the plaint.

In practical terms, the principal pleading by which a defendant responds to the allegations and claims in the plaint.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Written Statement” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Replication · Defendant · Pleading

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Replication · Defendant · Pleading · Plaintiff · Material Fact

A further pleading by the plaintiff replying to the written statement where permitted or directed.

In practical terms, a further pleading by the plaintiff replying to the written statement where permitted or directed.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Replication” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Pleading · Written Statement · Material Fact

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Pleading · Written Statement · Material Fact · Defendant · Particulars

A formal statement of the material facts relied upon by a party in civil litigation.

In practical terms, a formal statement of the material facts relied upon by a party in civil litigation.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Pleading” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Material Fact · Replication · Particulars

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Material Fact · Replication · Particulars · Written Statement · Issue

A fact necessary to establish a party's cause of action or defence.

In practical terms, a fact necessary to establish a party's cause of action or defence.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Material Fact” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Particulars · Pleading · Issue

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Particulars · Pleading · Issue · Replication · Framing of Issues

Details that clarify or support material facts pleaded by a party.

In practical terms, details that clarify or support material facts pleaded by a party.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Particulars” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Issue · Material Fact · Framing of Issues

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Issue · Material Fact · Framing of Issues · Pleading · Summons

A material proposition of fact or law affirmed by one party and denied by the other, requiring determination.

In practical terms, a material proposition of fact or law affirmed by one party and denied by the other, requiring determination.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Issue” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Framing of Issues · Particulars · Summons

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Framing of Issues · Particulars · Summons · Material Fact · Service of Summons

The process by which the civil court identifies disputed propositions requiring adjudication.

In practical terms, the process by which the civil court identifies disputed propositions requiring adjudication.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Framing of Issues” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Summons · Issue · Service of Summons

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Summons · Issue · Service of Summons · Particulars · Substituted Service

A formal process requiring a person to appear before a court or respond as directed.

In practical terms, a formal process requiring a person to appear before a court or respond as directed.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Summons” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Service of Summons · Framing of Issues · Substituted Service

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Service of Summons · Framing of Issues · Substituted Service · Issue · Ex Parte Decree

The legally prescribed delivery or communication of summons to the person concerned.

In practical terms, the legally prescribed delivery or communication of summons to the person concerned.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Service of Summons” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Substituted Service · Summons · Ex Parte Decree

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Substituted Service · Summons · Ex Parte Decree · Framing of Issues · Decree

An alternative mode of service authorised by the court when ordinary service cannot be effected despite legal requirements.

In practical terms, an alternative mode of service authorised by the court when ordinary service cannot be effected despite legal requirements.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Substituted Service” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Ex Parte Decree · Service of Summons · Decree

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Ex Parte Decree · Service of Summons · Decree · Summons · Preliminary Decree

A decree passed against a defendant who fails to appear after due service in circumstances permitted by law.

In practical terms, a decree passed against a defendant who fails to appear after due service in circumstances permitted by law.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Ex Parte Decree” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Decree · Substituted Service · Preliminary Decree

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Decree · Substituted Service · Preliminary Decree · Service of Summons · Final Decree

The formal expression of an adjudication conclusively determining rights of parties regarding matters in controversy in a suit, to the extent defined by the CPC.

The formal expression of an adjudication conclusively determining rights of parties concerning matters in controversy in a suit, to the extent covered by the CPC definition.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

A civil court finally determines ownership and grants possession; the operative adjudication is embodied in a decree.

Judgment · Order · Decree Sheet

Section 2(2) CPC and provisions governing decrees.

Preliminary Decree · Final Decree · Execution

A decree that determines rights or liabilities but leaves further proceedings to be taken before complete disposal of the suit.

In practical terms, a decree that determines rights or liabilities but leaves further proceedings to be taken before complete disposal of the suit.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Preliminary Decree” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Final Decree · Decree · Judgment and Decree

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Final Decree · Decree · Judgment and Decree · Ex Parte Decree · Execution

A decree that completely disposes of the suit or completes the matters left for final determination.

In practical terms, a decree that completely disposes of the suit or completes the matters left for final determination.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Final Decree” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Judgment and Decree · Preliminary Decree · Execution

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Judgment and Decree · Preliminary Decree · Execution · Decree · Executing Court

The judgment states reasons for the adjudication while the decree formally expresses the operative adjudication in a suit.

In practical terms, the judgment states reasons for the adjudication while the decree formally expresses the operative adjudication in a suit.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Judgment and Decree” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Execution · Final Decree · Executing Court

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Execution · Final Decree · Executing Court · Preliminary Decree · Attachment

The legal process by which a decree or executable order is enforced.

In practical terms, the legal process by which a decree or executable order is enforced.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Execution” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Executing Court · Judgment and Decree · Attachment

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Executing Court · Judgment and Decree · Attachment · Final Decree · Garnishee

The court competent to execute a decree or executable order.

In practical terms, the court competent to execute a decree or executable order.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Executing Court” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Attachment · Execution · Garnishee

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Attachment · Execution · Garnishee · Judgment and Decree · Receiver

A legal process restraining or subjecting property to court control for execution or other authorised purposes.

In practical terms, a legal process restraining or subjecting property to court control for execution or other authorised purposes.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Attachment” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Garnishee · Executing Court · Receiver

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Garnishee · Executing Court · Receiver · Execution · Temporary Injunction

A third person who owes money to a judgment debtor and may be directed to pay it toward satisfaction of a decree.

In practical terms, a third person who owes money to a judgment debtor and may be directed to pay it toward satisfaction of a decree.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Garnishee” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Receiver · Attachment · Temporary Injunction

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Receiver · Attachment · Temporary Injunction · Executing Court · Permanent Injunction

A neutral person appointed by the court to take custody, manage or preserve property during litigation where legally justified.

In practical terms, a neutral person appointed by the court to take custody, manage or preserve property during litigation where legally justified.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Receiver” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Temporary Injunction · Garnishee · Permanent Injunction

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Temporary Injunction · Garnishee · Permanent Injunction · Attachment · Mandatory Injunction

An interim order restraining or requiring specified conduct during the pendency of proceedings.

In practical terms, an interim order restraining or requiring specified conduct during the pendency of proceedings.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Temporary Injunction” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Permanent Injunction · Receiver · Mandatory Injunction

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Permanent Injunction · Receiver · Mandatory Injunction · Garnishee · Interim Relief

A final injunctive relief granted by decree after adjudication.

In practical terms, a final injunctive relief granted by decree after adjudication.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Permanent Injunction” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Mandatory Injunction · Temporary Injunction · Interim Relief

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Mandatory Injunction · Temporary Injunction · Interim Relief · Receiver · Status Quo

An injunction requiring a person to perform a positive act necessary to prevent or remedy a legal wrong.

In practical terms, an injunction requiring a person to perform a positive act necessary to prevent or remedy a legal wrong.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Mandatory Injunction” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Interim Relief · Permanent Injunction · Status Quo

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Interim Relief · Permanent Injunction · Status Quo · Temporary Injunction · Commission

Temporary judicial protection granted pending final adjudication.

In practical terms, temporary judicial protection granted pending final adjudication.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Interim Relief” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Status Quo · Mandatory Injunction · Commission

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Status Quo · Mandatory Injunction · Commission · Permanent Injunction · Local Commissioner

An order requiring preservation of the existing state of affairs as defined by the court.

In practical terms, an order requiring preservation of the existing state of affairs as defined by the court.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Status Quo” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Commission · Interim Relief · Local Commissioner

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Commission · Interim Relief · Local Commissioner · Mandatory Injunction · Res Judicata

Authority issued by a court for purposes such as examination of witnesses, local investigation or other tasks authorised by the CPC.

In practical terms, authority issued by a court for purposes such as examination of witnesses, local investigation or other tasks authorised by the CPC.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Commission” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Local Commissioner · Status Quo · Res Judicata

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Local Commissioner · Status Quo · Res Judicata · Interim Relief · Constructive Res Judicata

A commissioner appointed by the court to carry out a local investigation or other specified judicial task.

In practical terms, a commissioner appointed by the court to carry out a local investigation or other specified judicial task.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Local Commissioner” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Res Judicata · Commission · Constructive Res Judicata

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Res Judicata · Commission · Constructive Res Judicata · Status Quo · Res Sub Judice

The principle that a matter directly and substantially decided by a competent court between the same parties or their privies cannot ordinarily be litigated again.

In practical terms, the principle that a matter directly and substantially decided by a competent court between the same parties or their privies cannot ordinarily be litigated again.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Res Judicata” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Constructive Res Judicata · Local Commissioner · Res Sub Judice

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Constructive Res Judicata · Local Commissioner · Res Sub Judice · Commission · Mesne Profits

A rule treating matters that ought to have been raised in earlier proceedings as barred from later litigation when statutory requirements are met.

In practical terms, a rule treating matters that ought to have been raised in earlier proceedings as barred from later litigation when statutory requirements are met.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Constructive Res Judicata” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Res Sub Judice · Res Judicata · Mesne Profits

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Res Sub Judice · Res Judicata · Mesne Profits · Local Commissioner · Set-Off

The rule restricting simultaneous trial of certain suits involving the same matter in issue between the same parties as provided by the CPC.

In practical terms, the rule restricting simultaneous trial of certain suits involving the same matter in issue between the same parties as provided by the CPC.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Res Sub Judice” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Mesne Profits · Constructive Res Judicata · Set-Off

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Mesne Profits · Constructive Res Judicata · Set-Off · Res Judicata · Counterclaim

Profits which a person in wrongful possession actually received or might with ordinary diligence have received, together with interest, as defined by the CPC.

In practical terms, profits which a person in wrongful possession actually received or might with ordinary diligence have received, together with interest, as defined by the CPC.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Mesne Profits” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Set-Off · Res Sub Judice · Counterclaim

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Set-Off · Res Sub Judice · Counterclaim · Constructive Res Judicata · Necessary Party

A defence by which a defendant claims adjustment of an ascertained sum legally recoverable from the plaintiff under conditions prescribed by the CPC.

In practical terms, a defence by which a defendant claims adjustment of an ascertained sum legally recoverable from the plaintiff under conditions prescribed by the CPC.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Set-Off” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Counterclaim · Mesne Profits · Necessary Party

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Counterclaim · Mesne Profits · Necessary Party · Res Sub Judice · Proper Party

A claim made by the defendant against the plaintiff which may be adjudicated in the same suit subject to procedural law.

In practical terms, a claim made by the defendant against the plaintiff which may be adjudicated in the same suit subject to procedural law.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Counterclaim” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Necessary Party · Set-Off · Proper Party

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Necessary Party · Set-Off · Proper Party · Mesne Profits · Misjoinder

A party without whom no effective decree can be passed.

In practical terms, a party without whom no effective decree can be passed.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Necessary Party” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Proper Party · Counterclaim · Misjoinder

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Proper Party · Counterclaim · Misjoinder · Set-Off · Non-Joinder

A party whose presence enables the court to completely and effectively adjudicate the issues, though an effective decree may be possible without that person.

In practical terms, a party whose presence enables the court to completely and effectively adjudicate the issues, though an effective decree may be possible without that person.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Proper Party” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Misjoinder · Necessary Party · Non-Joinder

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Misjoinder · Necessary Party · Non-Joinder · Counterclaim · Amendment of Pleadings

Improper joining of parties or causes of action contrary to procedural requirements.

In practical terms, improper joining of parties or causes of action contrary to procedural requirements.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Misjoinder” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Non-Joinder · Proper Party · Amendment of Pleadings

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Non-Joinder · Proper Party · Amendment of Pleadings · Necessary Party · Return of Plaint

Failure to join a party whose presence may be required or proper under procedural law.

In practical terms, failure to join a party whose presence may be required or proper under procedural law.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Non-Joinder” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Amendment of Pleadings · Misjoinder · Return of Plaint

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Amendment of Pleadings · Misjoinder · Return of Plaint · Proper Party · Rejection of Plaint

Court-authorised alteration of pleadings under the conditions prescribed by procedural law.

In practical terms, court-authorised alteration of pleadings under the conditions prescribed by procedural law.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Amendment of Pleadings” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Return of Plaint · Non-Joinder · Rejection of Plaint

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Return of Plaint · Non-Joinder · Rejection of Plaint · Misjoinder · Withdrawal of Suit

Sending the plaint back for presentation before the proper court where the receiving court lacks the relevant jurisdiction.

In practical terms, sending the plaint back for presentation before the proper court where the receiving court lacks the relevant jurisdiction.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Return of Plaint” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Rejection of Plaint · Amendment of Pleadings · Withdrawal of Suit

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Rejection of Plaint · Amendment of Pleadings · Withdrawal of Suit · Non-Joinder · Compromise Decree

Termination of the plaint at the threshold on grounds specified by the CPC.

In practical terms, termination of the plaint at the threshold on grounds specified by the CPC.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Rejection of Plaint” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Withdrawal of Suit · Return of Plaint · Compromise Decree

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Withdrawal of Suit · Return of Plaint · Compromise Decree · Amendment of Pleadings · Restitution

Discontinuance of a suit by the plaintiff subject to the CPC and any conditions imposed by the court.

In practical terms, discontinuance of a suit by the plaintiff subject to the CPC and any conditions imposed by the court.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Withdrawal of Suit” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Compromise Decree · Rejection of Plaint · Restitution

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Compromise Decree · Rejection of Plaint · Restitution · Return of Plaint · Second Appeal

A decree passed on a lawful settlement or compromise between parties in accordance with procedural requirements.

In practical terms, a decree passed on a lawful settlement or compromise between parties in accordance with procedural requirements.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Compromise Decree” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Restitution · Withdrawal of Suit · Second Appeal

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Restitution · Withdrawal of Suit · Second Appeal · Rejection of Plaint · Reference

Restoring a party to the position that would have existed but for a decree or order later varied, reversed or set aside where Section 144 CPC applies.

In practical terms, restoring a party to the position that would have existed but for a decree or order later varied, reversed or set aside where Section 144 CPC applies.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Restitution” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Second Appeal · Compromise Decree · Reference

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Second Appeal · Compromise Decree · Reference · Withdrawal of Suit · Review Petition

An appeal to the High Court on a substantial question of law in cases governed by Section 100 CPC.

In practical terms, an appeal to the High Court on a substantial question of law in cases governed by Section 100 CPC.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Second Appeal” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Reference · Restitution · Review Petition

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Reference · Restitution · Review Petition · Compromise Decree · Revision Petition

A procedure by which a subordinate court refers a question to the High Court in circumstances permitted by law.

In practical terms, a procedure by which a subordinate court refers a question to the High Court in circumstances permitted by law.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Reference” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Review Petition · Second Appeal · Revision Petition

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Review Petition · Second Appeal · Revision Petition · Restitution · Caveat under CPC

An application seeking review of a judgment or order by the same court on legally recognised grounds.

In practical terms, an application seeking review of a judgment or order by the same court on legally recognised grounds.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Review Petition” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Revision Petition · Reference · Caveat under CPC

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Revision Petition · Reference · Caveat under CPC · Second Appeal · Restitution

A proceeding invoking the revisional jurisdiction of a superior court within statutory limits.

In practical terms, a proceeding invoking the revisional jurisdiction of a superior court within statutory limits.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Revision Petition” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Caveat under CPC · Review Petition · Reference

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Caveat under CPC · Review Petition · Reference · Second Appeal · Restitution

A precautionary filing under Section 148A CPC requesting notice before an order is made on an expected application.

In practical terms, a precautionary filing under Section 148A CPC requesting notice before an order is made on an expected application.

CPC (Civil Procedure)

civil suits, pleadings, interim applications, decrees, execution and civil appeals.

In a civil suit, the court may deal with “Caveat under CPC” while applying the CPC to pleadings, interim procedure, adjudication or execution.

Revision Petition · Review Petition · Reference

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the relevant Orders, Rules and judicial precedents.

Revision Petition · Review Petition · Reference · Second Appeal

A person against whom a criminal accusation is made or criminal proceedings are instituted.

In practical terms, a person against whom a criminal accusation is made or criminal proceedings are instituted.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Accused” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Arrest · Bail · Bail Bond

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Arrest · Bail · Bail Bond · Bond · Bailable Offence

Taking a person into lawful custody by authority recognised by law.

In practical terms, taking a person into lawful custody by authority recognised by law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Arrest” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Bail · Accused · Bail Bond

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Bail · Accused · Bail Bond · Bond · Bailable Offence

Release of a person accused or suspected of an offence from custody on conditions imposed by law or court.

Release from custody subject to legal conditions; it is the release itself, not merely money deposited with the court.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

An accused is arrested and the court directs release upon execution of the required bond or bail bond and compliance with conditions.

Bail Bond · Bond · Anticipatory Bail · Interim Bail

BNSS, 2023 — bail provisions and the statutory definitions of bail, bond and bail bond.

Bail Bond · Bond · Surety · Regular Bail · Default Bail

An undertaking for release from custody with surety in the sense recognised by the BNSS.

The undertaking connected with release on bail where surety is furnished, as recognised by the BNSS.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

The court grants bail subject to the accused and an approved surety executing the required bail bond.

Bail · Bond · Surety

BNSS, 2023 — statutory definition of bail bond and provisions governing release and sureties.

Bail · Bond · Surety · Personal Bond

A personal undertaking for release without surety in the sense recognised by the BNSS.

A personal undertaking for release without surety in the statutory sense used by the BNSS.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

A court directs release on a personal bond without requiring another person to stand as surety.

Bail Bond · Bail · Surety

BNSS, 2023 — statutory definition of bond and provisions governing release.

Personal Bond · Bail · Bail Bond

An offence shown as bailable in the First Schedule or made bailable by any other law.

In practical terms, an offence shown as bailable in the First Schedule or made bailable by any other law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Bailable Offence” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Non-Bailable Offence · Bond · Cognizable Offence

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Non-Bailable Offence · Bond · Cognizable Offence · Bail Bond · Non-Cognizable Offence

An offence other than a bailable offence; bail is governed by judicial discretion and statutory conditions.

In practical terms, an offence other than a bailable offence; bail is governed by judicial discretion and statutory conditions.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Non-Bailable Offence” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Cognizable Offence · Bailable Offence · Non-Cognizable Offence

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Cognizable Offence · Bailable Offence · Non-Cognizable Offence · Bond · Complaint

An offence for which a police officer may arrest without warrant in accordance with the First Schedule or other applicable law.

An offence for which police may arrest without warrant according to the First Schedule or other applicable law; the definition is not simply 'a serious offence'.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

Where an offence is shown as cognizable, police powers of investigation and arrest are governed by the BNSS rather than by a general 'seriousness' label.

Non-Cognizable Offence · Bailable Offence · Non-Bailable Offence

BNSS, 2023 — definition of cognizable offence/case and provisions governing arrest and investigation.

FIR · Investigation · Arrest · Non-Cognizable Offence

An offence for which police have no authority to arrest without warrant.

An offence in which police have no authority to arrest without warrant.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

Information about a non-cognizable offence is recorded and further police action is governed by the special procedure applicable to such cases.

Cognizable Offence · Bailable Offence

BNSS, 2023 — definition of non-cognizable offence/case and the procedure applicable to such information.

Information · Magistrate · Warrant

An allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate with a view to action under criminal procedure that some person has committed an offence, excluding a police report.

An allegation made to a Magistrate with a view to judicial action that a person has committed an offence, excluding a police report.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

A person directly approaches the Magistrate alleging an offence and seeks action without filing the matter as a police report.

FIR · Police Report · Petition

BNSS definition of complaint and procedure for complaints to Magistrates.

Complainant · Cognizance · Magistrate

Information relating to commission of a cognizable offence recorded under the governing criminal procedure.

The formal record of information relating to commission of a cognizable offence made under the applicable procedural provision.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

Information alleging robbery is given to police and recorded under the procedure governing cognizable offences.

Complaint · Police Report · Charge-Sheet

BNSS provisions governing information in cognizable cases and Lalita Kumari jurisprudence where applicable.

FIR · Zero FIR · Investigation

Communication to police or another authorised officer regarding facts suggesting commission of an offence.

In practical terms, communication to police or another authorised officer regarding facts suggesting commission of an offence.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Information” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Investigation · First Information Report · Inquiry

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Investigation · First Information Report · Inquiry · Complaint · Trial

The collection of evidence conducted by police or another authorised person in accordance with criminal procedure.

The evidence-gathering process conducted by police or another authorised person; it is distinct from inquiry or trial by the court.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

Police visit the scene, examine witnesses, collect records and form an opinion before submitting their report.

Inquiry · Trial · Cognizance

BNSS definition and provisions governing police investigation; H.N. Rishbud v. State of Delhi remains a leading conceptual authority.

Police Report · Case Diary · FIR

Every inquiry other than a trial conducted under the criminal procedure law by a Magistrate or court.

A judicial inquiry other than a trial conducted by a Magistrate or court under criminal procedure.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

A Magistrate conducts a statutory inquiry before the matter reaches the stage of trial.

Investigation · Trial

BNSS statutory definition of inquiry.

Magistrate · Trial · Investigation

The judicial process of determining criminal guilt after the proceeding reaches the stage of trial.

The judicial stage at which criminal guilt is adjudicated according to the procedure applicable to the case.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

After charge is framed, witnesses are examined and the court ultimately decides whether guilt has been proved.

Investigation · Inquiry

BNSS trial provisions for the relevant class of case.

Charge · Evidence · Judgment · Acquittal

A report forwarded by police to the Magistrate after investigation in the form required by criminal procedure.

In practical terms, a report forwarded by police to the Magistrate after investigation in the form required by criminal procedure.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Police Report” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Charge-Sheet · Trial · Final Report

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Charge-Sheet · Trial · Final Report · Inquiry · Closure Report

A commonly used expression for the police report filed after investigation when evidence is considered sufficient to send the accused for trial.

In practical terms, a commonly used expression for the police report filed after investigation when evidence is considered sufficient to send the accused for trial.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Charge-Sheet” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Final Report · Police Report · Closure Report

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Final Report · Police Report · Closure Report · Trial · Cognizance

A commonly used expression for a police report concluding investigation, including a closure report in appropriate cases.

In practical terms, a commonly used expression for a police report concluding investigation, including a closure report in appropriate cases.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Final Report” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Closure Report · Charge-Sheet · Cognizance

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Closure Report · Charge-Sheet · Cognizance · Police Report · Issue of Process

A police report stating that prosecution should not proceed for reasons emerging from investigation, subject to judicial consideration.

In practical terms, a police report stating that prosecution should not proceed for reasons emerging from investigation, subject to judicial consideration.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Closure Report” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Cognizance · Final Report · Issue of Process

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Cognizance · Final Report · Issue of Process · Charge-Sheet · Process

Judicial application of mind to an offence for the purpose of proceeding according to law.

The stage at which a criminal court judicially notices the alleged offence for the purpose of proceeding under law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

A police report is filed before the Magistrate. After examining it and deciding to proceed according to law, the Magistrate takes cognizance of the offence.

Investigation · Issue of Process · Framing of Charge

BNSS provisions governing cognizance; R.R. Chari v. State of U.P. and subsequent Supreme Court jurisprudence.

Complaint · Police Report · Process · Charge · Trial

The stage at which a criminal court issues summons or warrant to secure appearance after taking cognizance in accordance with law.

In practical terms, the stage at which a criminal court issues summons or warrant to secure appearance after taking cognizance in accordance with law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Issue of Process” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Process · Cognizance · Warrant

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Process · Cognizance · Warrant · Closure Report · Search Warrant

A judicial command such as summons or warrant issued to secure appearance or compliance.

In practical terms, a judicial command such as summons or warrant issued to secure appearance or compliance.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Process” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Warrant · Issue of Process · Search Warrant

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Warrant · Issue of Process · Search Warrant · Cognizance · Arrest Warrant

A written authority issued by a court permitting arrest, search or other action in accordance with law.

In practical terms, a written authority issued by a court permitting arrest, search or other action in accordance with law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Warrant” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Search Warrant · Process · Arrest Warrant

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Search Warrant · Process · Arrest Warrant · Issue of Process · Remand to Police Custody

A warrant authorising search of specified premises, persons or things according to law.

In practical terms, a warrant authorising search of specified premises, persons or things according to law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Search Warrant” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Arrest Warrant · Warrant · Remand to Police Custody

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Arrest Warrant · Warrant · Remand to Police Custody · Process · Judicial Custody

A judicial warrant authorising arrest of a person.

In practical terms, a judicial warrant authorising arrest of a person.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Arrest Warrant” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Remand to Police Custody · Search Warrant · Judicial Custody

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Remand to Police Custody · Search Warrant · Judicial Custody · Warrant · Transit Remand

Authorised detention of an accused in police custody for the period and purposes permitted by criminal procedure.

In practical terms, authorised detention of an accused in police custody for the period and purposes permitted by criminal procedure.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Remand to Police Custody” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Judicial Custody · Arrest Warrant · Transit Remand

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Judicial Custody · Arrest Warrant · Transit Remand · Search Warrant · Default Bail

Custody under authority of the court, ordinarily in a jail or judicial detention facility rather than police custody.

In practical terms, custody under authority of the court, ordinarily in a jail or judicial detention facility rather than police custody.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Judicial Custody” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Transit Remand · Remand to Police Custody · Default Bail

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Transit Remand · Remand to Police Custody · Default Bail · Arrest Warrant · Anticipatory Bail

Judicial authorisation enabling an arrested person to be taken to the court having proper jurisdiction.

In practical terms, judicial authorisation enabling an arrested person to be taken to the court having proper jurisdiction.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Transit Remand” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Default Bail · Judicial Custody · Anticipatory Bail

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Default Bail · Judicial Custody · Anticipatory Bail · Remand to Police Custody · Regular Bail

Statutory bail arising from failure to complete investigation and file the required report within the prescribed period, subject to legal conditions.

In practical terms, statutory bail arising from failure to complete investigation and file the required report within the prescribed period, subject to legal conditions.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Default Bail” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Anticipatory Bail · Transit Remand · Regular Bail

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Anticipatory Bail · Transit Remand · Regular Bail · Judicial Custody · Interim Bail

A direction for release on bail in the event of arrest, granted under the applicable statutory provision and judicial principles.

In practical terms, a direction for release on bail in the event of arrest, granted under the applicable statutory provision and judicial principles.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Anticipatory Bail” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Regular Bail · Default Bail · Interim Bail

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Regular Bail · Default Bail · Interim Bail · Transit Remand · Surety

Bail sought after a person has been arrested or is in custody.

In practical terms, bail sought after a person has been arrested or is in custody.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Regular Bail” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Interim Bail · Anticipatory Bail · Surety

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Interim Bail · Anticipatory Bail · Surety · Default Bail · Personal Bond

Temporary bail granted for a limited period pending final consideration or for another legally recognised purpose.

In practical terms, temporary bail granted for a limited period pending final consideration or for another legally recognised purpose.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Interim Bail” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Surety · Regular Bail · Personal Bond

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Surety · Regular Bail · Personal Bond · Anticipatory Bail · Proclamation

A person who undertakes responsibility under a bail bond to secure compliance by the accused.

In practical terms, a person who undertakes responsibility under a bail bond to secure compliance by the accused.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Surety” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Personal Bond · Interim Bail · Proclamation

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Personal Bond · Interim Bail · Proclamation · Regular Bail · Attachment of Property

A personal undertaking by the person released to comply with conditions without furnishing a surety.

In practical terms, a personal undertaking by the person released to comply with conditions without furnishing a surety.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Personal Bond” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Proclamation · Surety · Attachment of Property

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Proclamation · Surety · Attachment of Property · Interim Bail · Summons Case

A court-issued public declaration requiring an absconding person to appear, made in accordance with criminal procedure.

In practical terms, a court-issued public declaration requiring an absconding person to appear, made in accordance with criminal procedure.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Proclamation” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Attachment of Property · Personal Bond · Summons Case

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Attachment of Property · Personal Bond · Summons Case · Surety · Warrant Case

Court-authorised attachment of property in specified criminal procedural situations.

In practical terms, court-authorised attachment of property in specified criminal procedural situations.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Attachment of Property” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Summons Case · Proclamation · Warrant Case

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Summons Case · Proclamation · Warrant Case · Personal Bond · Discharge

A case relating to an offence that is not a warrant case, as understood under criminal procedure.

In practical terms, a case relating to an offence that is not a warrant case, as understood under criminal procedure.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Summons Case” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Warrant Case · Attachment of Property · Discharge

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Warrant Case · Attachment of Property · Discharge · Proclamation · Charge

A case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment exceeding the statutory threshold prescribed for warrant cases.

In practical terms, a case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment exceeding the statutory threshold prescribed for warrant cases.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Warrant Case” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Discharge · Summons Case · Charge

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Discharge · Summons Case · Charge · Attachment of Property · Framing of Charge

Termination of proceedings against an accused before trial or conviction where statutory grounds for discharge are satisfied.

Termination of the criminal case against the accused at a pre-trial stage because the legal standard for proceeding to trial is not met.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

After considering the record, the court finds no sufficient ground to proceed and discharges the accused before framing charge.

Acquittal · Quashing · Closure Report

BNSS provisions governing discharge in different kinds of criminal cases.

Charge · Framing of Charge · Acquittal

A formal statement of the offence alleged against the accused for purposes of trial.

In practical terms, a formal statement of the offence alleged against the accused for purposes of trial.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Charge” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Framing of Charge · Discharge · Plea of Guilty

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Framing of Charge · Discharge · Plea of Guilty · Warrant Case · Conviction

The judicial act of formulating the specific accusation to be tried after applying the governing legal standard.

In practical terms, the judicial act of formulating the specific accusation to be tried after applying the governing legal standard.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Framing of Charge” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Plea of Guilty · Charge · Conviction

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Plea of Guilty · Charge · Conviction · Discharge · Sentence

A formal admission of guilt by the accused, to be dealt with according to law.

In practical terms, a formal admission of guilt by the accused, to be dealt with according to law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Plea of Guilty” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Conviction · Framing of Charge · Sentence

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Conviction · Framing of Charge · Sentence · Charge · Compounding of Offence

A judicial finding that the accused is guilty of the offence.

In practical terms, a judicial finding that the accused is guilty of the offence.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Conviction” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Sentence · Plea of Guilty · Compounding of Offence

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Sentence · Plea of Guilty · Compounding of Offence · Framing of Charge · Plea Bargaining

The punishment or other penal consequence imposed after conviction.

In practical terms, the punishment or other penal consequence imposed after conviction.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Sentence” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Compounding of Offence · Conviction · Plea Bargaining

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Compounding of Offence · Conviction · Plea Bargaining · Plea of Guilty · Victim

Lawful settlement of an offence by the person specified by statute, where the offence is legally compoundable.

In practical terms, lawful settlement of an offence by the person specified by statute, where the offence is legally compoundable.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Compounding of Offence” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Plea Bargaining · Sentence · Victim

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Plea Bargaining · Sentence · Victim · Conviction · Witness Protection

A statutory process permitting negotiated disposition in eligible criminal cases subject to safeguards.

In practical terms, a statutory process permitting negotiated disposition in eligible criminal cases subject to safeguards.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Plea Bargaining” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Victim · Compounding of Offence · Witness Protection

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Victim · Compounding of Offence · Witness Protection · Sentence · Case Diary

A person who has suffered loss or injury caused by the act or omission for which the accused has been charged, including persons covered by the statutory definition.

In practical terms, a person who has suffered loss or injury caused by the act or omission for which the accused has been charged, including persons covered by the statutory definition.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Victim” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Witness Protection · Plea Bargaining · Case Diary

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Witness Protection · Plea Bargaining · Case Diary · Compounding of Offence · Test Identification Parade

Measures intended to protect witnesses from intimidation, threat or harm in accordance with applicable law or scheme.

In practical terms, measures intended to protect witnesses from intimidation, threat or harm in accordance with applicable law or scheme.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Witness Protection” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Case Diary · Victim · Test Identification Parade

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Case Diary · Victim · Test Identification Parade · Plea Bargaining · Inquest

The statutory record maintained by the investigating officer of steps taken during investigation.

In practical terms, the statutory record maintained by the investigating officer of steps taken during investigation.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Case Diary” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Test Identification Parade · Witness Protection · Inquest

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Test Identification Parade · Witness Protection · Inquest · Victim · Post-Mortem Report

An investigative identification procedure used to test a witness's ability to identify a suspect; it is generally not substantive evidence by itself.

In practical terms, an investigative identification procedure used to test a witness's ability to identify a suspect; it is generally not substantive evidence by itself.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Test Identification Parade” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Inquest · Case Diary · Post-Mortem Report

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Inquest · Case Diary · Post-Mortem Report · Witness Protection · Zero FIR

A statutory inquiry into the apparent cause of certain deaths conducted by the authorised officer.

In practical terms, a statutory inquiry into the apparent cause of certain deaths conducted by the authorised officer.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Inquest” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Post-Mortem Report · Test Identification Parade · Zero FIR

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Post-Mortem Report · Test Identification Parade · Zero FIR · Case Diary · Electronic FIR

A medical report recording findings from examination of a dead body to assist investigation into cause and manner of death.

In practical terms, a medical report recording findings from examination of a dead body to assist investigation into cause and manner of death.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Post-Mortem Report” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Zero FIR · Inquest · Electronic FIR

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Zero FIR · Inquest · Electronic FIR · Test Identification Parade · Audio-Video Electronic Means

A practice of registering information about a cognizable offence irrespective of territorial jurisdiction and transferring it to the competent police station.

In practical terms, a practice of registering information about a cognizable offence irrespective of territorial jurisdiction and transferring it to the competent police station.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Zero FIR” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Electronic FIR · Post-Mortem Report · Audio-Video Electronic Means

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Electronic FIR · Post-Mortem Report · Audio-Video Electronic Means · Inquest · Prosecution

Information relating to a cognizable offence communicated by electronic means in the manner recognised by criminal procedure.

In practical terms, information relating to a cognizable offence communicated by electronic means in the manner recognised by criminal procedure.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Electronic FIR” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Audio-Video Electronic Means · Zero FIR · Prosecution

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Audio-Video Electronic Means · Zero FIR · Prosecution · Post-Mortem Report · Public Prosecutor

Use of electronic audio-video technology for procedural acts where the BNSS authorises or requires it.

In practical terms, use of electronic audio-video technology for procedural acts where the BNSS authorises or requires it.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Audio-Video Electronic Means” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Prosecution · Electronic FIR · Public Prosecutor

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Prosecution · Electronic FIR · Public Prosecutor · Zero FIR · Post-Mortem Report

The conduct of criminal proceedings on behalf of the State or complainant as permitted by law.

In practical terms, the conduct of criminal proceedings on behalf of the State or complainant as permitted by law.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Prosecution” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Public Prosecutor · Audio-Video Electronic Means · Electronic FIR

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Public Prosecutor · Audio-Video Electronic Means · Electronic FIR · Zero FIR · Post-Mortem Report

A legally appointed prosecutor representing the State in criminal proceedings.

In practical terms, a legally appointed prosecutor representing the State in criminal proceedings.

BNSS (Criminal Procedure)

FIRs, investigation, Magistrate proceedings, bail, charge, trial and criminal appeals.

During a criminal case, “Public Prosecutor” may arise at the investigation, Magistrate, bail, charge, trial or post-judgment stage depending on context.

Prosecution · Audio-Video Electronic Means · Electronic FIR

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and applicable judicial precedents.

Prosecution · Audio-Video Electronic Means · Electronic FIR · Zero FIR

The external act, omission or prohibited conduct forming the physical element of an offence.

In practical terms, the external act, omission or prohibited conduct forming the physical element of an offence.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Actus Reus”.

Mens Rea · Intention · Knowledge

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Mens Rea · Intention · Knowledge · Dishonestly · Fraudulently

The legally required guilty mind, intention, knowledge, recklessness or other mental element of an offence.

In practical terms, the legally required guilty mind, intention, knowledge, recklessness or other mental element of an offence.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Mens Rea”.

Intention · Actus Reus · Knowledge

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Intention · Actus Reus · Knowledge · Dishonestly · Fraudulently

A conscious objective or purpose to bring about a prohibited consequence or engage in prohibited conduct.

In practical terms, a conscious objective or purpose to bring about a prohibited consequence or engage in prohibited conduct.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Intention”.

Knowledge · Mens Rea · Dishonestly

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Knowledge · Mens Rea · Dishonestly · Actus Reus · Fraudulently

Awareness of facts or consequences relevant to criminal liability.

In practical terms, awareness of facts or consequences relevant to criminal liability.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Knowledge”.

Dishonestly · Intention · Fraudulently

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Dishonestly · Intention · Fraudulently · Mens Rea · Wrongful Gain

Doing something with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another in the statutory sense.

In practical terms, doing something with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another in the statutory sense.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Dishonestly”.

Fraudulently · Knowledge · Wrongful Gain

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Fraudulently · Knowledge · Wrongful Gain · Intention · Wrongful Loss

Acting with intent to defraud where the statutory context uses the expression.

In practical terms, acting with intent to defraud where the statutory context uses the expression.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Fraudulently”.

Wrongful Gain · Dishonestly · Wrongful Loss

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Wrongful Gain · Dishonestly · Wrongful Loss · Knowledge · General Exceptions

Gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.

In practical terms, gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Wrongful Gain”.

Wrongful Loss · Fraudulently · General Exceptions

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

Wrongful Loss · Fraudulently · General Exceptions · Dishonestly · Mistake of Fact

Loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing is legally entitled.

In practical terms, loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing is legally entitled.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.

A problem question may require the court to decide whether the facts satisfy the legal requirements associated with “Wrongful Loss”.

General Exceptions · Wrongful Gain · Mistake of Fact

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and relevant Supreme Court / High Court interpretation.

General Exceptions · Wrongful Gain · Mistake of Fact · Fraudulently · Accident

Statutory circumstances that exclude criminal liability when their requirements are satisfied.

In practical terms, statutory circumstances that exclude criminal liability when their requirements are satisfied.

BNS (Criminal Law)

substantive criminal-law questions concerning ingredients, liability, general exceptions and offences.